How to read jamabandi

How to read a Jamabandi ……(fard, revenue record)

Jamabandi is the most important document of revenue record. It is known by different name like fard, parcha or many other different names in different areas, but most common name is JAMABANDI. It is believed that reading of jamabandi is a very specialized task of revenue officials and far away from the knowledge of general masses. It is also misappropriated that reading of jamabandi or acquiring the knowledge of revenue record is only limited to revenue official especially patwari or kango and other do not have any need for it. 

But in present circumstance when everybody who is involved in buying and selling property, agricultural land on regular or occasional basis, getting loan on movable or immovable property or offering any guarantee of any loan/ credit whether short term working capital loan, medium term loan or long term loan, everybody should have a basic knowledge of revenue record. It not only helps to boost the confidence of investor of borrower but also save him from fraud, misappropriation or any other litigation.

Coming back to jamabandi, this record expresses a lot of things. Instead of showing the ownership and possession, jamabandi also gives knowledge about type of land, its holding status, source of irrigation if cultivated, the type of structure built on it, the nature of owner, location of land, its fragmentation type and a lots of other things.

In general a Jamabandi is having 12 (twelve) columns. Each column depicts unique information. The information in some columns is very very important and in some column it is of less importance.

On the top of jamabandi the information like Hadbast number (it is the number of boundary of revenue village), year of jamabandi (generally jamabandi is made after every four years) name of village, tehsil and district are mentioned.

The first column of jamanadi is the Khewat number or number khewat. It is the number of owner/owners of land. It is written by black ink. This number is subject to change in next jamabandi. Sometimes a number in red ink is mentioned in this column, it is the number of khewat in last jamabandi mentioned for reference only. A term MIN is mentioned sometimes, it means the part of whole khewat number which is divided into parts. The detail description of khewat number is mentioned in column 4 or we can say that the owners mentioned in column number 4 are having one khewat number which is mentioned in column number 1.

The second column of jamabandi is Khatauni Number or Number Khatauni. It is the number of possessioner or cultivator of land. The description of cultivator or possessioner is mentioned in column number 5. We can say that the cultivator or possessioners mentioned in column number 5 are having khatuani number which is mentioned in column number 2.

In column number 3 Patti, Taraf or numberdar are mentioned. This column is ment for providing the information about physical location of land. In many villages particular cast is living in patti, hence the name of patti is mentioned as per their cast. Sometimes the location is identified through its numberdar, but the only objective is to find the location of land.

In column number 4 the detail of owners of land is mentioned. It is mentioned by writing the name of owner his/ her father and grandfather. Upto grandfather is taken to ensure the identity of owner, as same name can be of different person in same village. The number of ownership is mentioned in column number 1 as khewat number. When the owner is adopted one then the term “MATVANA” is used. If the land is in name of panchayat/ trust/ wakf board/ shamlat (common rights of villagers) then their name is mentioned in this column. In some cases when the land was sold/ transferred/  gifted in last jamabandi, it is also mentioned in this column. If the transfer is made in current jamabandi period then its entry is made in column number 12 (remarks column) then the description in column number 12 is final, and entry of column number 4 carries no weight. It will be discussed in detail in column number 12 description.

In column number 5 the detail of possessioner or cultivator is mentioned. If the owners mentioned in previous column are also the possessioner or cultivator of land then the term “ Khudkast (kast means cultivation) va Makboja Malkan “ is mentioned. If it is not the case then the term “Gair Marusi” means temporary unauthorized possessioner as “Kache Mujahire” is mentioned. If it is “Gair Dakhildaar” then it is permanent unauthorized possessioner. Sometimes these possessions are given intentionally to the workers (called as SIRIs) to avoid to come under land ceiling act. But the title is not clear in such cases.

In column number 6 Naam chah etc is mentioned which is not at all important.

In column number 7 number khasra is mentioned. This is the important column of jamabandi. Number Khasra is the number of land holding, which remain same in all the jamabandi. If it is divided in parts it is written as khasra number 1/1, ½ when khasra number is divided in two parts. When khasra number 1/1 is again divided in two parts then it will become 1/1/1 and 1/1/2 and so on. It must be remembered that khasra number will never be changed. If the measurement is in kanal marla system then first murrabha number/ mushkeel number/ rectangle number is written in red ink underlined by two straight parallel lines then khasra numbers are written in black ink. In case of bigha- biswa system only khasra numbers are written with black ink. There is no murrabha number in bigha biswa system. Total number of khasras are mentioned in the end as kittas. E.g. if there are 15 khasras in one khewat then at end total kitta are mentioned as 15.

In column number 8 the area of each khasra is mentioned. Mostly the maximum area is 8 kanal 0 marlas (means one acre). But when the land is not cultivated or hill or desert. Then total area is mentioned in one khasra also which may exceed one acre. Type of land is also mentioned below the area of khasra. If it is not cultivated or some building is constructed over it then “gair mumkin” is written, when irrigated by wells then “Chai” is written, when irrigated by canal, then “Nehri” or “abbi” is written, when it is rainfed then “Barani” is written. In some areas the direction of this piece of land is also mentioned here like “Charda” is written for east direction (rising side of sun) “neevan” for west side, “Pahar” for north side (Himalaya side) and “Dariya” for south side. Sometime type of cultivation is also mentioned like “Bagicha” ( orchard), “Poplar”, Sarkanda or Munji is also written in this column. The total of areas is made at the end of khatuni and then Khewat. It must be noted that total of Kita and area should tally at end of each Khatuani and total of Khatuani should tally at end of Khewat. The khasra and area are not changed in next or previous jamabandi, as the area of land remains constant.

In column number 9, 10 and 11 the detail of lagan etc are mentioned but not important for transaction motive, but its importance may vary from area to area. 

Column number 12 is most crucial column in jamabandi. It is a remarks column and any entry made in this column may change the status of owernership or possession of land. The entry in this column is made through red ink and every entry is having one specific reference number or intkaal number or rapat number. All entries pertaining to sale purchase or any other type of transaction in current jamabandi period is mentioned in this column. In next jamabandi these entries are transferred to khewat or khatunai column of jamabandi. The common practice of entry in this column is like “ Baruae rapat or intkaal number (reference number), date, wallon (by) tranferrer name Bahak or bae (sold)/ rehan (pledge means given possession)/ aadrehan (without possession)/ Hiba (gift deed)/vasihiat (will) etc. khasra number (so and so) kul (total) kita and area banam (in name of) buyer, bank etc.  for amount (such and such) kar diya hai (have done it). These are followed by signature of patwari or revenue officer.

At last the patwari/ revenue officer give the undertaking as “Tasdik kiya jata hai ki Nakal Mutabik Asal hai” means certify as true copy. Sometime also mention about the fee paid by the applicant for this copy. Now a days computer generated attested copies are also available. But in some area these are very lengthy and unable to understand. 

But the patwari record is the actual and lasted updated record available. It is recommended that while purchasing any land it should be ensured that its entry has been made in records of concerned patwari and is advisable to keep a copy of your transaction entry in your records.

It is a general practice that after the registry is made in sub registrar office, its entry will be made in intkaal registar and the copy of intkaal is issued, its entry is then made in rognamcha (daily diary) of patwari. Then patwari make this entry in jamabani. Until then the entry is made in jamabandi of patwari, the chances of double sale of property, double mortgage of same land to different banks, double charge over same property and occurrence of other fraudulent activity may be there. Hence red ink entry of mutation should be ensured in jamabandi of patwari. In the case of double entry on same property the then the right of person having first entry is the first. 

Sometime when the land is dispersed in different khasras and mutation has been made then only the detail of mutation or rapat is mentioned in main khewat where the area is maximum and only the mutation and rapat number is mentioned in rest khewats. In this case it is advisable to check the complete details of mutation or rapat of that number when the khasra in question is in process of purchase or transfer. Ignoring the number may cause severe consequences in future and drag the property in dispute.

So these are the basics of jamabandi. The terminology and process may vary from location to location. This type of terminology or process is prevalent in north part of India particularly Punjab, Haryana, North part of Rajasthan, Jammu, and part of Himachal Pradesh.

Your feedback and suggestions regarding any omission or mistake are welcome.   

CHECK LIST FOR LOANS FOR BANKERS

CHECK LIST FOR LOANS FOR BANKERS

FOR PERSONAL LOAN

FOR KCC &SCC

FOR HOUSING LOAN

FOR EDUCATION LOAN

FOR CC & VCC

FOR 2 WHEELER & CAR

SELF HELP GROUPS

    SELF HELP GROUP(SHG)

A self-help group (SHG) is a village-based financial intermediary usually composed of 10–20 local women or men. A mixed group is generally not preferred. Most self-help groups are located in India, though SHGs can also be found in other countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Members make small regular savings contributions over a few months until there is enough capital in the group to begin lending. Funds may then be lent back to the members or to others in the village for any purpose. In India, many SHGs are 'linked' to banks for the delivery of microcredit.

Contents 

1 Structure

2 Goals

3 NABARD's 'SHG Bank Linkage' program

4 Advantages of financing through SHGs

A Self-Help Group may be registered or unregistered. It typically comprises a group of micro entrepreneurs having homogenous social and economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help. They pool their resources to become financially stable, taking loans from the money collected by that group and by making everybody in that group self-employed. The group members use collective wisdom and peer pressure to ensure proper end-use of credit and timely repayment. This system eliminates the need for collateral and is closely related to that of solidarity lending, widely used by micro finance institutions.[1] To make the book-keeping simple enough to be handled by the members, flat interest rates are used for most loan calculations.

Goals

Self-help groups are started by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that generally have broad anti-poverty agendas. Self-help groups are seen as instruments for a variety of goals including empowering women, developing leadership abilities among poor people, increasing school enrollments, and improving nutrition and the use of birth control.Financial inter mediation is generally seen more as an entry point to these other goals, rather than as a primary objective.This can hinder their development as sources of village capital, as well as their efforts to aggregate locally controlled pools of capital through federation, as was historically accomplished by credit unions.

NABARD's 'SHG Bank Linkage' program[edit]

Many self-help groups, especially in India, under NABARD's SHG Bank Linkage program, borrow from banks once they have accumulated a base of their own capital and have established a track record of regular repayments.

This model has attracted attention as a possible way of delivering microfinance services to poor populations that have been difficult to reach directly through banks or other institutions. "By aggregating their individual savings into a single deposit, self-help groups minimize the bank's transaction costs and generate an attractive volume of deposits. Through self-help groups the bank can serve small rural depositors while paying them a market rate of interest.

NABARD estimates that there are 2.2 million SHGs in India, representing 33 million members, that have taken loans from banks under its linkage program to date. This does not include SHGs that have not borrowed.[4] "The SHG Banking Linkage Programme since its beginning has been predominant in certain states, showing spatial preferences especially for the southern region – Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. These states accounted for 57 % of the SHG credits linked during the financial year 2005–2006.

Advantages of financing through SHGs

An economically poor individual gains strength as part of a group.

Besides, financing through SHGs reduces transaction costs for both lenders and borrowers.

While lenders have to handle only a single SHG account instead of a large number of small-sized individual accounts, borrowers as part of an SHG cut down expenses on travel

NABARD

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in Mumbai (Maharashtra)[3] and other branches are all over the country. The Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD), set up by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Chairmanship of Shri B. Sivaraman, conceived and recommended the establishment of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). It was established on 12 July 1982 by a special act by the parliament and its main focus was to uplift rural India by increasing the credit flow for elevation of agriculture & rural non farm sector and completed its 25 years on 12 July 2007.[4] It has been accredited with "matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India". RBI sold its stake in NABARD to the Government of India, which now holds 99% stake.[5] NABARD is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.[6]

Contents  [hide] 
1 History
2 Associated with NABARD
3 Role
4 Rural innovation
5 Microfinance and NABARD
6 NABARD a 100 % CSR company
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]

NABARD was established on the recommendations of Shivaraman Committee, (by act 61, 1981 of Parliament) on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It is one of the premier agencies to provide credit in rural areas. Nabard is India's specialised bank.

Associated with NABARD[edit]

International associates of NABARD ranges from World Bank-affiliated organizations to global developmental agencies working in the field of agriculture and rural development. These organizations help NABARD by advising and giving monetary aid for the upliftment of the people in the rural areas and optimizing the agricultural process. [7]

Role[edit]

NABARD is the apex institution in the country which looks after the development of the cottage industry, small industry and village industry, and other rural industries. NABARD also reaches out to allied economies and supports and promotes integrated development. And to help NABARD discharge its duty, it has been given certain roles as follows:

Serves as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas
Takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc.
Co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation
Undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.
NABARD refinances the financial institutions which finances the rural sector.
The institutions which help the rural economy, NABARD helps develop.
NABARD also keeps a check on its client institutes.
It regulates the institution which provides financial help to the rural economy.
It provides training facilities to the institutions working the field of rural upliftment.
It regulates the cooperative banks and the RRB’s, and manages talent acquisition through IBPS CWE.[8]
NABARD's refinance is available to State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (SCARDBs), State Co-operative Banks (SCBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Commercial Banks (CBs) and other financial institutions approved by RBI. While the ultimate beneficiaries of investment credit can be individuals, partnership concerns,

BANKING GROWTH IN INDIA

Banking Sector in India

Last Updated: January 2014

Indian Banking Sector: Brief Introduction
India’s banking sector is currently valued at Rs 81 trillion (US$ 1.31 trillion). It has the potential to become the fifth largest banking industry in the world by 2020 and the third largest by 2025, according to an industry report. The face of Indian banking has changed over the years. Banks are now reaching out to the masses with technology to facilitate greater ease of communication, and transactions are carried out through the Internet and mobile devices.

With the Parliament passing the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill in 2012, the landscape of the sector will likely change. The bill allows the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to make final guidelines on issuing new bank licenses. This could lead to a greater number of banks in the country; the style of operation could also evolve with the integration of modern technology into the industry.

Online Banking
IDBI Bank Ltd has started an online Public Provident Fund (PPF) subscription facility for its customers. The bank had already received approval from the government to operationalise PPF transactions through the Internet. The facility would help accomplish the government’s initiative of electronic transactions in banking services, and also provide a strong platform to mobilise funds through the Small Saving Schemes. PPF account holders of the bank will have the benefit of accessing their PPF account online, view account details, print statements, and make subscription to PPF by way of online transfer of funds.

Simple steps such as memorising personal identification number (PIN), bringing down credit limits on cards, using virtual cards for internet transactions and deactivating transactional services linked to a mobile number can limit bank frauds, according to experts. Changing the password regularly can also save an account from fraud attacks.

Online money transfers and money credited directly to an account are the second preferred mode of inward remittances in India, rising to 22 per cent in fiscal 2013 from 14 per cent in 2009, according to an RBI report. "While electronic wires/SWIFT continue to be the dominant mode of transferring remittances by overseas Indians, in the recent period, there has been a significant increase in the share of remittances transmitted through direct transfer to bank accounts and through online mode," the report stated.

Key Statistics
The revenue of Indian banks increased four-fold from US$ 11.8 billion to US$ 46.9 billion in the period 2001–2010. In that phase, the profit after tax rose about nine-fold from US$ 1.4 billion to US$ 12 billion.

Banking Index with the Sensex (Bankex) that tracks the performance of primary banking sector stocks grew at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 20 per cent over the period 2003–2012.

Total number of onsite and offsite ATMs of Indian Banks reached 100042 in July 2012.

Recent Developments
The central banks of Japan and India have agreed to a proposal that expands the maximum amount of the Bilateral Swap Arrangement (BSA) between the two countries to US $50 billion. The agreement is for a three-year period (2012–15); the previous size of the BSA was US $15 million. The new agreement will enable the two countries to swap their local currencies against the US dollar for an amount up to US$50 billion.

Public sector banks will soon offer customers insurance products from different companies as against products from one company. The finance ministry has asked public sector banks to become insurance brokers instead of corporate agents. This move was one of the steps stated by finance minister Mr P Chidambaram in early 2013, as a way to increase insurance penetration.

Citi has promoted Mr Anand Selvakesari as the head of consumer banking for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Mr Selvakesari will continue his present role as Citi’s consumer banking business head in India – a post he has occupied since July 2013 – as well as look after the consumer banking operations in Indones